Navigating the world of web development often involves understanding the intricate dance between different server components, especially when working with ASP.NET. Two prominent players in this landscape are Internet Information Services (IIS) and the Kestrel server. These components play crucial roles in hosting and serving ASP.NET applications.
In this article, we'll explore the inner workings of IIS and Kestrel servers in the context of ASP.NET. By the end, you'll have a clear understanding of how these servers function and when to leverage each for optimal web application performance and scalability.
Table of Contents
IIS Architecture
IIS in ASP.NET
When to use IIS?
Kernel as an Edge Server
Kernel behind a Reverse Proxy Server
When to use Kestrel?
What is IIS in ASP.NET?
Internet Information Services (IIS) is a web server developed and maintained by Microsoft. It is used to host websites, web applications, and other web-based services. IIS is a component of the Windows operating system and is installed by default on Windows Server editions.
IIS has a two-tier architecture:
Kernel mode: The kernel mode layer is responsible for handling low-level tasks such as receiving HTTP requests, routing them to the appropriate application pool, and managing worker processes.
User mode: The user mode layer is responsible for processing HTTP requests and generating responses. The user mode layer contains the ASP.NET runtime, which is responsible for processing ASP.NET pages.
IIS uses a modular architecture. Modules are components that can extend the functionality of IIS. For example, modules can be used to add support for different types of content, such as ASP.NET, PHP, and Perl. Modules can also be used to provide additional features, such as authentication, authorization, and caching.
IIS Architecture
Components of IIS request processing pipeline:
HTTP.sys: HTTP.sys is the Windows HTTP Server API. This layer handles the low-level details of HTTP requests and responses.
IIS: IIS is the web server. It is responsible for receiving HTTP requests, determining the handler for the request, and passing the request to the handler.
ApplicationPool: The application pool is a logical grouping of worker processes. Each application pool runs its own set of worker processes. This layer manages the worker processes for the application pool.
Worker Process: Handles HTTP requests. This layer processes the request and generates the response.
Module: This layer extends the functionality of IIS by providing additional features and functionality.
Handler: This layer is responsible for processing the request and generating the response.
IIS in ASP.NET
IIS and ASP.NET work together to provide a complete platform for hosting and running web applications. IIS provides basic web server functionality, such as serving static files, handling HTTP requests, and managing sessions. ASP.NET provides the functionality for building dynamic web applications, such as processing server-side code and generating HTML output.
When a user visits a web page hosted on IIS, IIS retrieves the page from the file system and sends it to the user's browser. If the page is an ASP.NET page, IIS passes the page to the ASP.NET runtime for processing. The ASP.NET runtime then executes the server-side code on the page and generates HTML output. The HTML output is then returned to IIS, which returns it to the user's browser.
Consider the above diagram that illustrates the overview of the IIS and ASP.NET request processing pipeline. The following is a step-by-step explanation of the diagram:
HTTP request arrives at IIS: When a user visits a web page hosted on IIS, IIS receives the HTTP request.
IIS determines the handler for the request: IIS uses the URL of the requested page to determine the handler for the request. The handler is the module that will process the request and generate the response.
IIS passes the request to the handler: IIS passes the request to the handler for processing.
The handler processes the request: The handler processes the request and generates the response.
IIS returns the response to the client: IIS returns the response to the client.
In the case of ASP.NET, the handler is the ASP.NET runtime. The ASP.NET runtime processes the ASP.NET page and generates HTML output. The HTML output is then returned to IIS, which returns it to the client.
Here are some of the benefits of using IIS to host ASP.NET applications:
Performance: IIS is a highly optimized web server that can deliver ASP.NET pages quickly and efficiently.
Scalability: IIS can handle a high volume of traffic and is resistant to outages.
Reliability: IIS is a highly reliable web server that can be counted on to deliver ASP.NET pages 24/7.
Security: IIS is tightly integrated with Active Directory, which provides a robust security framework for ASP.NET applications.
Ease of management: IIS has a user-friendly interface and a wide range of management tools that make it easy to deploy and manage ASP.NET applications.
When to use IIS?
When you need to use Windows-specific features: IIS provides a number of features that are only available on Windows servers, such as Windows Authentication, Windows Communication Foundation (WCF), and Windows Workflow Foundation (WF).
When you need to host a large-scale ASP.NET application: IIS is a powerful web server that can handle large volumes of traffic. It also provides features such as load balancing and SSL termination that can be useful for large-scale applications.
When you need to use legacy IIS modules: IIS has a large number of modules that can be used to extend its functionality. If you need to use a specific IIS module that is not available for Kestrel, then you will need to use IIS.
What is Kestrel Server in ASP.NET?
Kestrel server is a cross-platform web server that is built into ASP.NET Core. It is a high-performance, low-overhead web server that can be used to host ASP.NET Core applications on Windows, Linux, and macOS.
Kestrel server uses the HTTP/2 protocol to communicate with clients. HTTP/2 is a newer version of the HTTP protocol that offers a number of performance benefits, such as reduced latency and increased throughput.
Kestrel server can be used with or without a reverse proxy server. A reverse proxy server is a server that sits in front of one or more web servers and forwards requests to them. Reverse proxy servers can be used to improve performance, security, and reliability.
Kestrel as an edge server
In this configuration, the Kestrel server is used to process requests directly from the Internet. This means that the Kestrel server is responsible for handling all of the aspects of HTTP communication, such as receiving requests, parsing headers, and generating responses.
This configuration is often used for small and medium-sized ASP.NET Core applications. It is also a good choice for applications that need to be highly performant or that need to be hosted on multiple platforms.
Kestrel is behind a reverse proxy server
In this configuration, the Kestrel server is used to process requests from a reverse proxy server. The reverse proxy server is responsible for handling the initial HTTP communication with the client. The reverse proxy server then forwards the request to the Kestrel server for processing.
This configuration is often used for large and enterprise ASP.NET Core applications. It is also a good choice for applications that need to be highly scalable or that need to be integrated with other systems, such as authentication and authorization systems.
When to use Kestrel
When you need to host an ASP.NET application on a cross-platform server: Kestrel is a cross-platform web server, so it can be used to host ASP.NET applications on Linux and macOS servers as well as Windows servers.
When you need to host a high-performance ASP.NET application: Kestrel is a high-performance web server that is designed to handle a large number of concurrent connections efficiently.
When you need to host an ASP.NET application in a resource-constrained environment: Kestrel is a lightweight web server that is optimized for running in resource-constrained environments, such as containers and edge devices.
When to use IIS and Kestrel Together?
You can also use IIS and Kestrel together to provide a number of benefits. For example, you can use IIS as a reverse proxy for Kestrel to provide additional features such as SSL termination, load balancing, and caching.
Here are some specific scenarios where you might want to use IIS and Kestrel together:
When you need to use Windows-specific features and high performance: You can use IIS to handle the Windows-specific features and Kestrel to handle the high-performance aspects of your application.
When you need to host a large-scale ASP.NET application and improve performance: You can use IIS as a reverse proxy for Kestrel to distribute traffic across multiple Kestrel instances.
When you need to host an ASP.NET application in a resource-constrained environment and provide additional features: You can use IIS as a reverse proxy for Kestrel to provide additional features such as SSL termination and caching.
Difference between IIS and Kestrel Server in ASP.NET
In the previous section, we explored the inner workings of IIS and the Kestrel server in ASP.NET. Now, let's simplify things further by exploring the key distinctions between these two components.
Feature | IIS | Kestrel |
|---|---|---|
Platform Support | Windows only | Windows, Linux, MacOS |
Performance | High performance | Very high performance |
Lightweightness | Heavyweight web server | Lightweight web server |
Features | Wide range of features, including Windows Authentication, WCF, and WF | A limited set of features, but more extensible |
Web Server Architecture | HTTP.sys kernel-mode driver, World Wide Web Publishing Service (WWW Service), worker processes | Asynchronous I/O, lightweight thread pool |
Threading Model | Single thread per worker process | Single thread per request |
Caching | Built-in caching engine | No built-in caching engine, but can be used with third-party caching providers |
Compression | Built-in compression engine | No built-in compression engine, but can be used with third-party compression providers |
Model Support | Wide range of modules, including authentication, authorization, and content filtering | Limited set of modules, but more extensible |
Logging | Comprehensive logging system | Basic logging system |
Recommended Use cases | Large-scale ASP.NET applications, applications that require Windows-specific features | ASP.NET applications that need to be hosted on cross-platform servers, applications that require high performance, applications that are running in resource-constrained environments |
Which one should you use?
If you are developing a Windows-specific ASP.NET application, IIS is a good choice. It is a mature and feature-rich web server that is well-suited for this type of application.
If you are developing a cross-platform ASP.NET Core application, the Kestrel server is a good choice. It is a high-performance and low-overhead web server that can be used to host ASP.NET Core applications on a variety of platforms.
Here are some additional considerations when choosing between IIS and Kestrel server:
Performance: The Kestrel server is generally faster than IIS. However, the performance difference between the two web servers will vary depending on the specific application and the hosting environment.
Security: Both IIS and Kestrel servers offer a good level of security. However, IIS has a longer track record of security patches and updates.
Scalability: Both IIS and Kestrel servers are scalable. However, the Kestrel server is more scalable than IIS, especially for high-traffic applications.
Ease of use: IIS is generally easier to use than the Kestrel server. This is because IIS has a graphical user interface and a wide range of management tools.
Conclusion
Understanding the differences between Internet Information Services (IIS) and the Kestrel server in ASP.NET is like knowing when to use a versatile Swiss army knife versus a specialized tool.
IIS is like the seasoned generalist, offering a wide range of features and compatibility. It's great for hosting multiple applications, managing web traffic, and handling various protocols. It's like a Swiss army knife with many tools for different tasks.
Kestrel, on the other hand, is the specialist, known for its lightweight and high-performance capabilities. It's perfect for handling specific tasks efficiently, especially in modern, containerized environments. It's like a precision tool designed for a specific job.
Choosing between them depends on your project's requirements. Are you running a complex web application with multiple features, or do you need a lightweight server for a specific task? Just like in real life, both tools have their place, and understanding when to use each will make you a more effective web developer. So, whether you go for the Swiss army knife or the specialized tool, you're well-equipped to tackle your web development challenges.